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Solanum linnaeanum

Hepper & P.-M.L.Jaeger (1986)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Asterids Order: Solanales Family: Solanaceae Genus: Solanum

apple of sodom, pōpolo kīkānia, thorny pōpolo, yellow-fruited pöpolo, yellow-fruited pōpolo

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Shrubs up to 1 m tall and in diameter, most parts armed with prominent, stout, nearly straight, straw–colored prickles up to 15 mm long, pubescent with stellate hairs, and also with minute, simple, glandular hairs, with intraxylary phloem.

Stems:

Roots: Fibrous root system.

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate. Blades ovate–elliptic in outline, ca. 8 cm long and 6 cm wide. Apex acute or rounded. Base truncate to subcordate, oblique. Prominent, stout, nearly straight, straw–colored prickles up to 15 mm long, prickles sparse on upper leaf surface, dense on lower surface, pubescent with stellate hairs, and also with minute, simple, glandular hairs. Margins deeply pinnately lobed, sinuses rounded, reaching ¾ to midrib, often with 5–7 major lobes. Petioles 1–2 cm long. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers few to 6 in stout racemose cymes from an internodal position, lower flower sometimes solitary, peduncles short or absent, pedicels ca. 1 cm long. Lower flowers bisexual (perfect), upper ones staminate, actinomorphic, prickly. Calyx densely prickly, the tube ca. 5 mm long, the lobes triangular, 2–3 mm long. Corolla purplish blue, rotate–stellate, ca. 2 cm in diameter, the lobes acute. Stamens (4)5, inserted near base of corolla tube; filaments 1–2 mm long; anthers erect, tapered above, 5–6 mm long, opening by terminal pores. Ovary superior, 2(3–4)-carpellate, glabrous or with a few glandular hairs; ovule placentation axile, vestigial in staminate flowers; style 1, up to 1 cm long, sparsely pubescent in lower part, vestigial in staminate flowers; stigma green, capitate.

Fruit: Berries yellow at maturity; dark brown upon drying; firm; mucilaginous; globose; 2–3 cm in diameter; fruiting pedicels thickened and recurved; calyx somewhat enlarged; all parts very prickly. Seeds numerous; pale brown; rounded or obovate; biconvex; 2–3 mm long; seed coat minutely reticulate; embryo curved; submarginal; endosperm present.

Ploidy: 2n = 24

Habitat: Dry pastures; coastal to dry shrubland and dry forest.

Elevation Range: up to 575 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

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Uses and Culture

USES

  • Yes

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

O'ahu Naturalized
Molokai Naturalized
Lana'i Naturalized
Kaho'olawe Naturalized
Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Kew Bull. 41(2): 435 (1986)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1271 (O, Mo, L, M, H); Herbarium Pacificum Staff 1998:13 (Ka)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Solanum linnaeanum central, along dirt road leading from ulupalakua to kihei cattle pasture w/Prosopis and occa. Erythrina PRESERVED_SPECIMEN spence, g. collector number: 131 Maui BISH 12/18/1972
2 Solanum linnaeanum east maui, 11.5 mi e of ulupalakua ranch on piilani hwy (hwy. 31), 1.4 mi w of manawainui small canyon grazed by cattle PRESERVED_SPECIMEN wagner, w.l. mill, s.w. collector number: 4758 Maui BISH 1/14/1983
3 Solanum linnaeanum paomai Ca. 100 ft. off left corner of sharks cove, growing on dead coral head. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN munro, g.c. collector number: 307 Oahu BISH 3/10/1914
4 Solanum linnaeanum ahihi-kinau natural area reserve, kipuka at the head of the trail towards pohaku paea from the midstop along makena-keoneoio road Pockets of vegetation in a'a lava and at roadside; along roadside and amongst lava. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN abbott, i.a. norris, f.m. collector number: 91.46 Maui BISH 3/6/1991
5 Solanum linnaeanum off kaumalapuu hwy, koele/keomuku trail PRESERVED_SPECIMEN g. spence 332 Lanai US 10/22/1973
6 Solanum linnaeanum mahana, puu nana, kaluakoi dry pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN st.john, h. et al. collector number: 12446 Molokai BISH 12/22/1932
7 Solanum linnaeanum ca. 500 m ne of intersection of roads to lz-1 and lz-3, on s side of road Hardpan area, under kiawe. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN warren, s. collector number: k-28 Kahoolawe BISH 4/10/1987
8 Solanum linnaeanum Nanakuli Forest reserve dry roadside at edge PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D.R. 674 Oahu BISH 10/23/1967
9 Solanum linnaeanum kolekole pass, waianae range PRESERVED_SPECIMEN forbes, c.n. collector number: 2025.o Oahu BISH 2/1/1915
10 Solanum linnaeanum east slope of moaula Within a soil depression surrounded by Andropogon pertusus dominated grassland. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN clarke, g. corn, c. collector number: 414 Kahoolawe BISH 4/25/1980
11 Solanum linnaeanum honolulu Shrub, dry Algaroba forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN christophersen, e. collector number: 1307 Oahu BISH 4/6/1930
12 Solanum linnaeanum Waianae Range, S. end. By Palehua Rd. ~ 1 mile NW of Puu Makakilo dry, grassy pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Mäkinen, L. 65-430 Oahu BISH 12/19/1965
13 Solanum linnaeanum Kawaihapai dry pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 9953 Oahu BISH 7/15/1935
14 Solanum linnaeanum lanai PRESERVED_SPECIMEN munro, g.c. collector number: 130 Lanai BISH 3/10/1914
15 Solanum linnaeanum East Maui, 11.5 mi E of Ulupalakua Ranch on Piilani Hwy (Hwy. 31), 1.4 mi W of Manawainui small canyon grazed by cattle PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wagner, W.L. 4758 Maui BISH 1/14/1983
16 Solanum linnaeanum Manoa Valley, Honolulu arid pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. H202 Oahu BISH 9/24/1922
17 Solanum linnaeanum Kealia trail PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Bennett, T. PRC248 Oahu BISH 3/25/1982
18 Solanum linnaeanum puuwaawaa; paddock area near the t1/t4 transect junction PRESERVED_SPECIMEN takeuchi, w.n. collector number: 5763 Oahu BISH 5/1/1989
19 Solanum linnaeanum makaha valley, waianae mts PRESERVED_SPECIMEN macdaniels, l.h. collector number: 572 Oahu BISH 1/31/1937
20 Solanum linnaeanum E slope of Moaula Within a soil depression surrounded by Andropogon pertusus dominated grassland. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Clarke, G. 414 Kahoolawe BISH 4/25/1980
21 Solanum linnaeanum kaalualu bay near south point grazed areas north of bay PRESERVED_SPECIMEN whistler, w.a. collector number: 76 Hawaii BISH 4/6/1972
22 Solanum linnaeanum kawaihapai PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. collector number: 9953 Maui BISH 7/15/1935
23 Solanum linnaeanum kaumalapau highway, koele/keomuku trail, off of open grass field PRESERVED_SPECIMEN spence, g. collector number: 332 Lanai BISH 10/22/1973
24 Solanum linnaeanum waianae range, s. end. by palehua rd. ~ 1 mile nw of puu makakilo PRESERVED_SPECIMEN mäkinen, l. mäkinen, y. collector number: 65-430 BISH 12/19/1965
25 Solanum linnaeanum nanakuli forest reserve dry roadside at edge PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herbst, d.r. collector number: 674 Oahu BISH 10/23/1967
26 Solanum linnaeanum makaha, waianae PRESERVED_SPECIMEN grant, m.l. collector number: 7327 Hawaii BISH 9/1/1934
27 Solanum linnaeanum south point heavily grazed, dry pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herbst, d.r. ishikawa, s. collector number: 5071 Hawaii BISH 10/10/1974
28 Solanum linnaeanum barber's point coral plain, near beach PRESERVED_SPECIMEN neal, m.c. Oahu BISH 8/8/1937
29 Solanum linnaeanum koko head, near station in algaroba forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN christophersen, e. Oahu BISH 11/16/1924
30 Solanum linnaeanum Mahana, Puu Nana, Kaluakoi dry pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN St. John, H. 12446 Molokai BISH 12/22/1932
31 Solanum linnaeanum Kualoa pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Rock, J.F.C. s.n. Oahu BISH
32 Solanum linnaeanum kipapa gulch On steep basalt slope. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN hosaka, e.y. collector number: 13 Oahu BISH 3/22/1936
33 Solanum linnaeanum manoa valley, honolulu arid pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. collector number: h202 Oahu BISH 9/24/1922
34 Solanum linnaeanum Ca. 500 m NE of intersection of roads to LZ-1 and LZ-3, on S side of road Hardpan area, under kiawe. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Warren, S. K-28 Kahoolawe BISH 4/10/1987
35 Solanum linnaeanum Manele Grade dry stony hilltop PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Stone, B.C. 864 Lanai BISH 7/2/1955
36 Solanum linnaeanum South Point heavily grazed, dry pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D.R. 5071 Hawaii BISH 10/10/1974
37 Solanum linnaeanum miki PRESERVED_SPECIMEN munro, g.c. collector number: 280 Lanai BISH 2/8/1928
38 Solanum linnaeanum Lanai PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Munro, G.C. 130 Lanai BISH 3/10/1914
39 Solanum linnaeanum Kawela Bay dry pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 7380 Oahu BISH 3/15/1933
40 Solanum linnaeanum Puuwaawaa; paddock area near the T1/T4 transect junction cattle-trampled ground PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Takeuchi, W.N. 5763 Hawaii BISH 5/1/1989
41 Solanum linnaeanum Honolulu Shrub, dry Algaroba forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Christophersen, E. 1307 Oahu BISH 4/6/1930
42 Solanum linnaeanum Kaalualu Bay near South Point grazed areas north of bay PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Whistler, W.A. 76 Hawaii BISH 4/6/1972
43 Solanum linnaeanum nuuanu valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN forbes, c.n. collector number: 1090 Oahu BISH 2/5/1909
44 Solanum linnaeanum kealia trail Growing with Microlaena stipoides and native ferns in open `ohi`a - koa forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN bennett, t. collector number: prc248 Hawaii BISH 3/25/1982
45 Solanum linnaeanum PRESERVED_SPECIMEN not on sheet 451 BISH 1851-00-00
46 Solanum linnaeanum waimalu moist forest, shade PRESERVED_SPECIMEN brown, f.b.h. collector number: 256 Oahu BISH 12/31/1925
47 Solanum linnaeanum Makaha, Waianae beach PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Grant, M.L. 7327 Oahu BISH 9/1/1934
48 Solanum linnaeanum east maui, hana district, se of kauiki from kaihalulu bay to ka iwi o pele; around foundation of old slaughterhouse costal pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN flynn, t. fromm, h. collector number: 2548 Maui BISH 10/22/1987
49 Solanum linnaeanum Kolekole Pass, Waianae Range PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Forbes, C.N. 2025.O Oahu BISH 2/1/1915
50 Solanum linnaeanum pali hwy and quarry rd pasture, under Hibiscus tiliaceus PRESERVED_SPECIMEN smith, l.b. collector number: 107 Oahu BISH 6/22/1976
51 Solanum linnaeanum Makaha Valley, Waianae Mts PRESERVED_SPECIMEN MacDaniels, L.H. 572 Oahu BISH 1/31/1937
52 Solanum linnaeanum manele grade dry stony hilltop PRESERVED_SPECIMEN stone, b.c. collector number: 864 Lanai BISH 7/2/1955
53 Solanum linnaeanum Kawela Bay dry pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. Collector Number: 7380 Oahu BISH 3/15/1933
54 Solanum linnaeanum waikolu valley, side of dirt road leading into valley; ne of puu luahine pasture; with Sida, Desmodium, Psidium and grasses PRESERVED_SPECIMEN ishikawa, s. collector number: 143 Molokai BISH 8/28/1972
55 Solanum linnaeanum Paomai PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Munro, G.C. 307 Lanai BISH 3/10/1914
56 Solanum linnaeanum 6.5 mi down South Point Park PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Woolford, H.A. s.n. Hawaii BISH 12/21/1954
57 Solanum linnaeanum Ahihi-Kinau Natural Area Reserve, Kipuka at the head of the trail towards Pohaku Paea from the midstop along Makena-Keoneoio road Pockets of vegetation in a'a lava and at roadside; along roadside and amongst lava. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Abbott, I.A. 91.46 Maui BISH 3/6/1991
58 Solanum linnaeanum 6.5 mi. down south point park PRESERVED_SPECIMEN woolford, h.a. Kauai BISH 12/21/1954
59 Solanum linnaeanum Waikolu Valley, side of dirt road leading into valley; NE of Puu Luahine pasture; with Sida, Desmodium, Psidium and grasses PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Ishikawa, S. 143 Molokai BISH 8/28/1972
60 Solanum linnaeanum Nuuanu Valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Forbes, C.N. 1090.O Oahu BISH 2/5/1909
61 Solanum linnaeanum Pali Hwy and Quarry Rd pasture, under Hibiscus tiliaceus PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Smith, L.B. 107 Oahu BISH 6/22/1976
62 Solanum linnaeanum Makua, Waianae PRESERVED_SPECIMEN St. John, H. 9944 Oahu BISH 10/20/1929
63 Solanum linnaeanum kawela bay dry pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. collector number: 7380 Oahu BISH 3/15/1933
64 Solanum linnaeanum Koko Head, near station in algaroba forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Christophersen, E. s.n. Oahu BISH 11/16/1924
65 Solanum linnaeanum puuwaawaa; paddock area near the t1/t4 transect junction cattle-trampled ground PRESERVED_SPECIMEN takeuchi, w.n. collector number: 5763 Hawaii BISH 5/1/1989
66 Solanum linnaeanum Central, Along dirt road leading from Ulupalakua to Kihei cattle pasture w/Prosopis and occa. Erythrina PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Spence, G. 131 Maui BISH 12/18/1972
67 Solanum linnaeanum Kipapa Gulch dry slope PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hosaka, E.Y. 13 Oahu BISH 3/22/1936
68 Solanum linnaeanum nuuanu valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN forbes, c.n. collector number: 1090.o Oahu BISH 2/5/1909
69 Solanum linnaeanum Kaumalapau Highway, Koele/Keomuku Trail, off of open grass field PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Spence, G. 332 Lanai BISH 10/22/1973
70 Solanum linnaeanum Nuuanu Valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Forbes, C.N. 1090 Oahu BISH 2/5/1909
71 Solanum linnaeanum oahu, t.h.: near koko-head. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN g. t. hastings s.n. NY 5/6/1931
72 Solanum linnaeanum East Maui, Hana District, SE of Kauiki from Kaihalulu Bay to Ka Iwi O Pele; around foundation of old slaughterhouse costal pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Flynn, T. 2548 Maui BISH 10/22/1987
73 Solanum linnaeanum south point PRESERVED_SPECIMEN d. r. herbst & s. ishikawa 5071 MPM 10/10/1974
74 Solanum linnaeanum On the island of Oahu, near Pearl City. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN A. A. Heller 2409 NY 1895-06-11
75 Solanum linnaeanum on the island of oahu, near pearl city. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN a. a. heller 2409 NY 1895-06-11
76 Solanum linnaeanum kawaihapai, oahu, t.h. naturalized in dry pasture & k.k. park. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener 9953 NY 7/15/1935
77 Solanum linnaeanum oahu. pohakea pass, waianac range. On dry roadside PRESERVED_SPECIMEN r. siu 16929 NY 12/1/1940
78 Solanum linnaeanum monoa valley, honolulu, t. hawaii. Arid pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener h202 NY 9/24/1922
79 Solanum linnaeanum SE of Kauiki from Kaihalulu Bay to Ka Iwi O Pele. Elev. 0-120 ft. Coastal pasture lands. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tim Flynn 2548 Maui PTBG 10/22/1987
80 Solanum linnaeanum kawaihapai. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener & k. park 9953 Oahu US 7/15/1935
81 Solanum linnaeanum W. Maui. Growing along road to Hana'ula, east of Manawainui Gulch. old pasture. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H700122 Maui PTBG 7/29/2000
82 Solanum linnaeanum kawinui marsh, at pali hwy and quarry rd. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN l. b. smith 107 Oahu US 6/22/1976
83 Solanum linnaeanum MAUI: Hana District. Coastal pasture lands SE of Kauiki from Kaihalulu Bay to Ka Iwi O Pele. Elev. 0-120 ft. Around foundation of old slaughterhouse. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tim Flynn 2548 Maui PTBG 10/22/1987
84 Solanum linnaeanum near pearl city PRESERVED_SPECIMEN a. a. heller 2409 Oahu US 1895-06-11
85 Solanum linnaeanum Off Kaumalapuu Hwy, Koele/Keomuku trail PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Spence, G. 332 Lanai US 10/22/1973
86 Solanum linnaeanum east maui, auwahi, pi`ilani highway PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Maui US
87 Solanum linnaeanum waianae range. at very base of mt. kaala, below gate Heavily overgrazed dry shrub-weed community with many spiny shrubs. Evidently a very bad weed. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN p. van royen et al. h-447 Oahu US 8/2/1967
88 Solanum linnaeanum Waikolu Valley, NE of Puu Luahine PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Ishikawa, S. S. 143 Molokai US 8/28/1972
89 Solanum linnaeanum Along dirt rd. leading from Ulupalakua to Kihei PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Spence, G. 131 Maui US 12/18/1972
90 Solanum linnaeanum waikolu valley, ne of puu luahine PRESERVED_SPECIMEN s. s. ishikawa 143 Molokai US 8/28/1972
91 Solanum linnaeanum Pukoo PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hitchcock, A. S. 15120 Molokai US 10/11/2016
92 Solanum linnaeanum Near Pearl City PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Heller, A. A. 2409 Oahu US 1895-00-00
93 Solanum linnaeanum along dirt rd. leading from ulupalakua to kihei PRESERVED_SPECIMEN g. spence 131 Maui US 12/18/1972
94 Solanum linnaeanum honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN a. s. hitchcock 13728 Oahu US 6/15/1916
95 Solanum linnaeanum edge of nanakuli forest reserve PRESERVED_SPECIMEN d. r. herbst 674 Kauai US 10/23/1967
96 Solanum linnaeanum South Point PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D. R.; Ishikawa, S. 5071 Hawaii US 10/10/1974
97 Solanum linnaeanum Kawinui Marsh, at Pali Hwy and Quarry Rd. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Smith, L. B. 107 Oahu US 6/22/1976
98 Solanum linnaeanum pukoo PRESERVED_SPECIMEN a. s. hitchcock 15120 Molokai US 10/11/1916
99 Solanum linnaeanum Edge of Nanakuli Forest Reserve PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D. R. 674 Oahu US 10/23/1967
100 Solanum linnaeanum Kawaihapai. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O.; Park, K. K. 9953 Oahu US 7/15/1935
101 Solanum linnaeanum Honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hitchcock, A. S. 13728 Oahu US 6/15/2016
102 Solanum linnaeanum Waianae Range. At very base of Mt. Kaala, below gate Heavily overgrazed dry shrub-weed community with many spiny shrubs. Evidently a very bad weed. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Royen, P. van; Iltis, H. H.; Iltis, M.; Bryan, E. H.; Yoshinaga, A. H-447 Oahu US 8/2/1967
103 Solanum linnaeanum Barber's Point coral plain, near beach PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Neal, M.C. s.n. Oahu BISH 8/8/1937
104 Solanum linnaeanum Miki PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Munro, G.C. 280 Lanai BISH 2/8/1928
105 Solanum linnaeanum kualoa PRESERVED_SPECIMEN rock, j.f.c. Kauai US
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